The emperors, however, still needed the talents and the help of the very rich, who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels. The name "Constantine" itself enjoyed renewed popularity in western France in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Constantine accepted and married Fausta in Trier in late summer 307 AD. With the exile of Licinius, Constantine becomes the sole emperor of East and West. The section includes the only continuous contemporary account of the Council of Nicaea[5] as well as the pilgrimage to Bordeaux. The Commemoration of the Edict of Milan was held in Niš in 2013. Eusebius claimed that he heard the story from the mouth of Constantine himself, however much of modern scholarship agrees that the stories is a distortion of facts or completely fabricated. His mother, Helena, was Greek and of low birth. Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. Birth dates vary, but most modern historians use ", thehttp://www.stconstantine.org/OurParish/OurPatronSaint/index.php. [22], The Letters authenticity is source of debate for many Constantinian scholars. Thomas M. Finn, Marilena Amerise, 'Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande.". He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" and he did favour the Christian Church. [217] Sirmium and Thessalonica were also considered. [25] The ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret describe the ecclesiastic disputes of Constantine's later reign. [32], Flavius Valerius Constantinus, as he was originally named, was born in the city of Naissus (today Niš, Serbia), part of the Dardania province of Moesia on 27 February,[33] probably c. AD 272. [247] From then on, holding actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy. [208], This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West, climaxing in the great civil war of 324. It was never completed due to the death of Eusebius in 339. Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. [10], Eusebius's known sources for painting a textual portrait of Constantine and his rule come from eight legal texts, forty-six biblical references, and eight literary references. [12] The fluctuations in his reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. [59] In his later writings, he would attempt to present himself as an opponent of Diocletian's "sanguinary edicts" against the "Worshippers of God",[60] but nothing indicates that he opposed it effectively at the time. (2008). [13] They are thus an important source for Constantine’s religious politics. [3] The same account is often compared to Lactantius’, which provides a radically different depiction of the same story. In the cultural sphere, Constantine revived the clean-shaven face fashion of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Trajan, which was originally introduced among the Romans by Scipio Africanus. Scholars debate whether Constantine adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth, or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life.[226]. He was born in circa 274 AD in Nassius, which is in Upper Moesia, Yugoslavia. He took the town quickly. [215] The keepers prophesied that, on that very day, "the enemy of the Romans" would die. Life of Constantine Ionescu Andreea Eusebius of Caesarea, otherwise known as “Eusebius Pamphili”, was the bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, an exegete, polemicist, and historian of the early Christian Church. [125] While Constantine toured Britain and Gaul, Maxentius prepared for war. Constantine acquired a mythic role as a warrior against heathens. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea (now Niš, Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Constantius, an Illyrian army officer who became one of the four emperors of the Tetrarchy. Diocletian's first appointee for the office of Caesar was Constantius; his second was Galerius, a native of Felix Romuliana. The term is a misnomer as the act of Milan was not an edict, while the subsequent edicts by Licinius—of which the edicts to the provinces of Bythinia and Palestine are recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius, respectively—were not issued in Milan. However, despite its modern significance, Life of Constantine was widely obscure in the 4th and 5th centuries, and did not reach popularity until much later in history. Before dying, he declared his support for raising Constantine to the rank of full augustus. The failure resided in the fact that the silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content, and therefore could only circulate at much discounted rates. Statistic Count Raw Constantine / 100k People Michigan / 100k People National / 100k People; Total Crimes Per 100K: 28: 1,330.2: 2,022.5: 2,476.7: Violent Crime: 6 He enforced the council's prohibition against celebrating the Lord's Supper on the day before the Jewish Passover, which marked a definite break of Christianity from the Judaic tradition. [112] Along with using propaganda, Constantine instituted a damnatio memoriae on Maximian, destroying all inscriptions referring to him and eliminating any public work bearing his image. [307] Piganiol's Constantine is a philosophical monotheist, a child of his era's religious syncretism. Constantine is born One of the most famous emperors from the Roman Empire was Constantine I. [52] Because Diocletian did not completely trust Constantius—none of the Tetrarchs fully trusted their colleagues—Constantine was held as something of a hostage, a tool to ensure Constantius' best behavior. Constantine rested his army in Milan until mid-summer 312 AD, when he moved on to Brixia (Brescia). New and highly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this bullion minting ceased in 367, and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, the most important being the centenionalis. [118] The oration's religious shift is paralleled by a similar shift in Constantine's coinage. He was born at Naissus, today's city of Niš in Upper Moesia (modern Serbia and Montenegro), to Constantius I Chlorus and an innkeeper's daughter, Helen. Ruricius sent a large detachment to counter Constantine's expeditionary force, but was defeated. [78] Galerius was put into a fury by the message; he almost set the portrait and messenger on fire. By the spring of 310 AD, Galerius was referring to both men as augusti. Cetatea de Scaun. 139 likes. Life Insurance in Constantine on YP.com. [241] They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. His trip to Persia is painted in an apologetic universal Christian theme, his laws forbidding idol worship of his own image and the reiteration of the suppressing of idol worship and sacrifice. INTRA Lifestyle by Constantine, Angeles City. Barnes has argued for an adoption of an early date for the letter, around AD324/5, and fitting into Book 2 after the defeat of Licinius. [279] Constantine died soon after at a suburban villa called Achyron, on the last day of the fifty-day festival of Pentecost directly following Pascha (or Easter), on 22 May 337. [122] He died soon after the edict's proclamation,[123] destroying what little remained of the tetrarchy. [183] Unlike his predecessors, Constantine neglected to make the trip to the Capitoline Hill and perform customary sacrifices at the Temple of Jupiter. [270], In the last years of his life, Constantine made plans for a campaign against Persia. Near the Emperor's death, Eusebius focuses on Constantine’s mental and spiritual strength, as well as his physical strength, helping finish the portrait of a nearly godlike man. While some of this is owed to his fame and his proclamation as Emperor in Britain, there was also confusion of his family with Magnus Maximus's supposed wife Elen and her son, another Constantine (Welsh: Custennin). Galerius offered to call both Maximinus and Constantine "sons of the augusti",[105] but neither accepted the new title. [48] In spite of meritocratic overtones, the Tetrarchy retained vestiges of hereditary privilege,[49] and Constantine became the prime candidate for future appointment as caesar as soon as his father took the position. [129] By 312 AD, he was a man barely tolerated, not one actively supported,[130] even among Christian Italians. [164] According to Lactantius "Constantine was directed in a dream to cause the heavenly sign to be delineated on the shields of his soldiers, and so to proceed to battle. [37] Constantine probably spent little time with his father[38] who was an officer in the Roman army, part of the Emperor Aurelian's imperial bodyguard. [101], Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict, however. [145], Brescia's army was easily dispersed,[146] and Constantine quickly advanced to Verona, where a large Maxentian force was camped. Each emperor would have his own court, his own military and administrative faculties, and each would rule with a separate praetorian prefect as chief lieutenant. In response, he sent ambassadors to Rome, offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for a military support. 1880). This system would later be called the Tetrarchy. Galerius refused to recognize him but failed to unseat him. [288] Constantine was succeeded by his three sons born of Fausta, Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans. His early support dissolved in the wake of heightened tax rates and depressed trade; riots broke out in Rome and Carthage;[128] and Domitius Alexander was able to briefly usurp his authority in Africa. The papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the fabricated Donation of Constantine. [21] The fullest secular life of Constantine is the anonymous Origo Constantini,[22] a work of uncertain date,[23] which focuses on military and political events to the neglect of cultural and religious matters. Constantine cost of living is 78.4 Constantine always emerged victorious: the lion emerged from the contest in a poorer condition than Constantine; Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the Danube with a Sarmatian captive to drop at Galerius' feet. From then on, the solar Julian Calendar was given precedence over the lunisolar Hebrew calendar among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire. Maximian was captured and reproved for his crimes. Kōnstantînos; 27 February c. 272 – 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from 306 to 337. [34] His father was Flavius Constantius, an Illyrian,[35][36] and a native of Dardania province of Moesia (later Dacia Ripensis). Eusebius is the best representative of this strand of Constantinian propaganda. [85] He then left for Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in Gaul, the Tetrarchic capital of the northwestern Roman Empire. German humanist Johannes Leunclavius discovered Zosimus' writings and published a Latin translation in 1576. A Comparison of Constantine's Piety with the Wickedness of the Persecutors. Absent from the Arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism. The new frontier in Dacia was along the Brazda lui Novac line supported by new castra. The military chiefs had risen from the ranks since the Crisis of the Third Century[253] but remained outside the senate, in which they were included only by Constantine's children. Vitamins/Supplements [281] Similar accounts are given in the Origo Constantini, an anonymous document composed while Constantine was still living, and which has Constantine dying in Nicomedia;[282] the Historiae abbreviatae of Sextus Aurelius Victor, written in 361, which has Constantine dying at an estate near Nicomedia called Achyrona while marching against the Persians;[283] and the Breviarium of Eutropius, a handbook compiled in 369 for the Emperor Valens, which has Constantine dying in a nameless state villa in Nicomedia. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. [50], Constantine's parents and siblings, the dates in square brackets indicate the possession of minor titles, Constantine received a formal education at Diocletian's court, where he learned Latin literature, Greek, and philosophy. In a parallel ceremony in Milan, Maximian did the same. [100] Maximian, brought out of retirement by his son's rebellion, left for Gaul to confer with Constantine in late 307 AD. [291][292], The Holy Roman Empire reckoned Constantine among the venerable figures of its tradition. [26] Written during the reign of Theodosius II (AD 408–450), a century after Constantine's reign, these ecclesiastical historians obscure the events and theologies of the Constantinian period through misdirection, misrepresentation, and deliberate obscurity. Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Barnes' Constantine experienced a radical conversion which drove him on a personal crusade to convert his empire. [277] In postponing his baptism, he followed one custom at the time which postponed baptism until after infancy. Constantine gained the support of the old nobility with this,[248] as the Senate was allowed itself to elect praetors and quaestors, in place of the usual practice of the emperors directly creating new magistrates (adlectio). Monthly rent costs: $135 per month. [313] Paul Veyne's 2007 work Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien holds a similar view which does not speculate on the origin of Constantine's Christian motivation, but presents him as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed that he was meant "to play a providential role in the millenary economy of the salvation of humanity". He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities. R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, p. 44, Frend, W.H.C., "The Donatist Church; A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa," (1952 Oxford), pp. Along with the notice, he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an augustus. [275] He summoned the bishops, and told them of his hope to be baptized in the River Jordan, where Christ was written to have been baptized. He sponsored many building projects throughout Gaul during his tenure as emperor of the West, especially in Augustodunum (Autun) and Arelate (Arles). [6] The Council of Nicaea has been examined closely by scholars for bias however, as Eusebius was himself very involved in the politics of the council. He was written up as a "tyrant" and set against an idealized image of Constantine the "liberator". Eusebius also takes great pain in describing himself as very close to the Emperor, when in fact, the opposite is most likely. Barnes, "Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy", Walter Scheidel, "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires", 174/175. "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires". [27] The contemporary writings of the orthodox Christian Athanasius, and the ecclesiastical history of the Arian Philostorgius also survive, though their biases are no less firm. Because he was so old, he could not be submerged in water to be baptised, and therefore, the rules of baptism were changed to what they are today, having water placed on the forehead alone. [88], Constantine began a major expansion of Trier. [84] He remained in Britain after his promotion to emperor, driving back the tribes of the Picts and securing his control in the northwestern dioceses. To the south of his palace, he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall and a massive imperial bathhouse. [11] Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign, due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. [55] In late 302, Diocletian and Galerius sent a messenger to the oracle of Apollo at Didyma with an inquiry about Christians. [265] Therefore, an alternative explanation for the execution of Crispus was, perhaps, Constantine's desire to keep a firm grip on his prospective heirs, this—and Fausta's desire for having her sons inheriting instead of their half-brother—being reason enough for killing Crispus; the subsequent execution of Fausta, however, was probably meant as a reminder to her children that Constantine would not hesitate in "killing his own relatives when he felt this was necessary". Instead, the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of Apollo and Victory granting him laurel wreaths of health and a long reign. [303] He presents a noble war hero who transforms into an Oriental despot in his old age, "degenerating into a cruel and dissolute monarch". [28][29] Such foreshadowing is a common motif of Book 4 and a further caution when assessing the authenticity and context of Constantine's correspondence with Shapur as presented by Eusebius.[30]. The campaign was called off, however, when Constantine became sick in the spring of 337. An inscription in honor of city prefect (336–337) Ceionius Rufus Albinus states that Constantine had restored the Senate "the auctoritas it had lost at Caesar's time". According to this, after Constantine had pardoned him, Maximian planned to murder Constantine in his sleep. With Keanu Reeves, Rachel Weisz, Djimon Hounsou, Shia LaBeouf. The Alamannic king Chrocus, a barbarian taken into service under Constantius, then proclaimed Constantine as augustus. [213] Constantine had recognized the shift of the center of gravity of the Empire from the remote and depopulated West to the richer cities of the East, and the military strategic importance of protecting the Danube from barbarian excursions and Asia from a hostile Persia in choosing his new capital[214] as well as being able to monitor shipping traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. [224][page needed] This removed penalties for professing Christianity, under which many had been martyred previously, and it returned confiscated Church property. Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), 17–21; Odahl, 11–14; Wienand. From 310 AD on, Mars was replaced by Sol Invictus, a god conventionally identified with Apollo. [62], On 1 May AD 305, Diocletian, as a result of a debilitating sickness taken in the winter of AD 304–305, announced his resignation. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths and the Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century. In, This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at 05:48. [250] Some modern historians see in those administrative reforms an attempt by Constantine at reintegrating the senatorial order into the imperial administrative elite to counter the possibility of alienating pagan senators from a Christianized imperial rule;[251] however, such an interpretation remains conjectural, given the fact that we do not have the precise numbers about pre-Constantine conversions to Christianity in the old senatorial milieu. (1) And in the midst of these, Constantine, who was shortly to become their destroyer, but at that time of tender age, and blooming with the down of early s youth, dwelt, as that other servant of God had done, in the very home of the tyrants, (2) but t young as he was did not share the manner of life of the ungodly: for from that early period his noble nature, under the leading of the Divine Spirit, inclined him to piety and a … Late in life, Constantine even permitted a small town in Umbria, Italy, to construct a temple to his family and himself and to appoint priests to serve there. [221] The figures of old gods were either replaced or assimilated into a framework of Christian symbolism. [284] From these and other accounts, some have concluded that Eusebius's Vita was edited to defend Constantine's reputation against what Eusebius saw as a less congenial version of the campaign. He rode from post-house to post-house at high speed, hamstringing every horse in his wake. Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71, citing. [163] Constantine's army arrived on the field bearing unfamiliar symbols on their standards and their shields. [301] Cardinal Caesar Baronius criticized Zosimus, favoring Eusebius' account of the Constantinian era. When not campaigning, he toured his lands advertising his benevolence and supporting the economy and the arts. [66] It is uncertain how much these tales can be trusted. This new Roman imperial fashion lasted until the reign of Phocas. [27] Placing the letter after these events provides Eusebius with the opportunity to use the letter to foreshadow Constantine’s final war against the Persians, which he claims Constantine said ‘he had still to achieve’. [216] Among the various locations proposed for this alternative capital, Constantine appears to have toyed earlier with Serdica (present-day Sofia), as he was reported saying that "Serdica is my Rome". [12] These imperial letters, described or transcribed, frequently relate to religious matters concerning the treatment of pagans and Christians. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called Edict of Milan,[199] Maximinus Daia was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of augustus and demanded that Galerius promote him. Colossal head of Constantine (4th century), The northern and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of the thirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337, Constantine's daughter Helena and his nephew and son-in-law Julian, Constantine's sons and successors: Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans. Eusebius’ vehicle for this narrative is metaphor, and he explicitly paints Constantine in the image of Moses. [141] The first town his army encountered was Segusium (Susa, Italy), a heavily fortified town that shut its gates to him. Most of the work is devoted to the illustration of Constantine’s personal piety. [29] The Panegyrici Latini, a collection of panegyrics from the late third and early fourth centuries, provide valuable information on the politics and ideology of the tetrarchic period and the early life of Constantine. After the Council however, personal contact was sporadic at best. [20] He makes reference to previous emperors who fell from power due to their persecution of Christians, Valerian chief among them, who was himself defeated and captured by the Persians, an event which Constantine ascribes to the Christian deity. [46] Additionally, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain, let alone that she was a princess. Its inscription bore the message which the statue illustrated: By this sign, Constantine had freed Rome from the yoke of the tyrant. Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the Donatism movement in North Africa. [106], In 310 AD, a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks. [54], Constantine had returned to Nicomedia from the eastern front by the spring of AD 303, in time to witness the beginnings of Diocletian's "Great Persecution", the most severe persecution of Christians in Roman history. [16] The nearest replacement is Eusebius's Vita Constantini—a mixture of eulogy and hagiography[17] written between AD 335 and circa AD 339[18]—that extols Constantine's moral and religious virtues. Odahl, 82–83. In the later Byzantine state, it became a great honor for an emperor to be hailed as a "new Constantine"; ten emperors carried the name, including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. [104], On 11 November 308 AD, Galerius called a general council at the military city of Carnuntum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria) to resolve the instability in the western provinces. The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion, and continued to style himself as augustus on his coinage, even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a caesar on theirs. The Cost of Living in Constantine is low. [241] It was made illegal for Jews to seek converts or to attack other Jews who had converted to Christianity. [11] Eusebius often referenced his own former works, forty-one times in Life of Constantine, most notably Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica) and the Tricennalian Oration (Laus Constantini). [149] Ruricius gave Constantine the slip and returned with a larger force to oppose Constantine. He ordered all bridges across the Tiber cut, reportedly on the counsel of the gods,[156] and left the rest of central Italy undefended; Constantine secured that region's support without challenge. Supernatural exorcist and demonologist John Constantine helps a policewoman prove her sister's death was not a suicide, but something more. Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed.
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